1) Which of the following is/are true?
1) India was amongst the leading nations in terms of improvement in the Habitat Commitment Index score.
2) Habitat Agenda had nonbinding commitments.
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer
Explanation
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ANSWER: Only 2
Explanation:
- Besides RTC, the other major sticking point in the run-up to Habitat III is the role of UN Habitat in monitoring the commitments made by each country.
- A recent review of the commitments made by all countries during Habitat II (Habitat Agenda and Istanbul Declaration) in Istanbul in 1996 shows that in the absence of any monitoring mechanism and due to the non-binding nature of the commitments, the overall global Habitat Commitment Index score has increased only 1.49 points.
- India, on its part, has shown no improvement on its various urban development indices in the last 20 years and lags behind other South Asian countries such as Pakistan and Nepal.
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2) Which of the following is/are true regarding the Right to the City (RTC)?
1) The term Right to the City has its origin in the writings of French philosopher Voltaire.
2) Though migrants are allowed for RTC, refugee migrants are not eligible for RTC.
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer
Explanation
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ANSWER: Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation:
- The term Right to the City has its origin in the writings of French philosopher Henri Lefebvre in his 1968 book Le Droit à la ville.
- It prioritises collective right over the individual right to urban space. It gives every inhabitant, and not just the legal citizens, the right to not only occupy a pre-existing urban space but also to produce such a space according to their needs.
- RTC would make it incumbent on city and state government to provide equal access to shelter and basic services to everyone irrespective of their legal status or duration of domicile in the city.
- Civil society groups point out that the resistance from EU countries is a result of the migrant crisis in Europe.
- EU’s official stated position is that RTC is not an agreed human right recognised by international human rights instruments.
- India’s position too was that managing migrants and refugees should be left to the individual nations and should not be dictated by the New Urban Agenda.
- This shows that even refugees can ask for RTC under the mandate of the New Urban Agenda.
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3) Which of the following is/are true regarding the New Urban Agenda?
1) The Right to the City (RTC) recognises equal access to urban life as a basic human right for all including migrants, slum dwellers and the homeless.
2) India supports Right to the City but the developed bloc with states like USA, Japan, etc. are against it.
a. Only 1
b. Only 2
c. Both 1 and 2
d. Neither 1 nor 2
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Answer
Explanation
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ANSWER: Only 1
Explanation:
- The Right to the City (RTC) recognises equal access to urban life as a basic human right for all including migrants, slum dwellers and the homeless.
- RTC was the most contentious issue during the series of negotiations in the run-up to the once-in-twenty-year United Nations housing and sustainable urban development conference.
- India has opposed the inclusion of ‘Right to the City’ on the ground that its admission would mean that the country would have to adhere to the principle of social justice for all urban inhabitants and not merely the legally-recognised citizens.
- There is opposition from developed bloc of the USA, Japan and EU countries.
- Latin American countries and civil society groups are for the concept and want it within the draft of the New Urban Agenda.
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