Explain the following terms: Molality, Mole fraction, Normality, Molarity,
Strength, Mass fraction.
a. Molality: It is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in
1000 grams of the solvent. It is denoted by ‘m ‘.
b. Mole fraction: It is the fraction obtained by dividing number of moles of
that constituent by the total number of moles of all the constituents present
in the solution. It is denoted by ‘x’.
c. Normality: It is defined as the number of gram equivalent of the solute
dissolved in per litre of the given solution. It is denoted by ‘N’.
d. Molarity: It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in per
litre of the solution. It is denoted by ‘M’.
e. Strength: Strength of a solution is defined as the amount of the solute in
grams present in one litre of the solution. It is expressed in g/dm3.
f. Mass fraction: Mass fraction is defined as the mass of the given component
per unit mass of the solution.
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Write a short note on ideal and non-ideal solutions.
Ideal solutions: An ideal solution of the components Y and Z is defined as the
solution in which the intermolecular interaction between the components Y and Z
are of the same magnitude as the intermolecular interaction found in components
Y-Y or Z-Z.
For a solution to be ideal it should satisfy the following conditions:
a. There should be no change in enthalpy when the two components are mixed.
b. There should be no change in volume when the two components are mixed.
c. It should obey Raoult’s law.
Non-ideal solution: A non-ideal solution is one in which solute and solvent
molecules interact with one another with a different force than the force of
interaction between the molecules of the pure components. For a non-ideal
solution
a. There is change in volume.
b. There is change in enthalpy.
c. They do not obey Raoult’s law.
What are the different osmotic processes taking place in plants and animals?
The different processes taking place are:
a. Absorption of water from the soil through the roots of the plant takes place
due to osmosis.
b. The transport of water throughout the plants body takes place due to
osmosis. Due to this process only water reaches even to the top of the plant.
c. Stretching of leaves is controlled by osmosiss.
d. Movement of water to different parts of the animal body.
e. Opening and closing of flowers is also controlled by this process only.
f. Osmosis also helps in rapid growth of the plants and even in the germination
of seeds.
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