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What is Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a brain disease
caused due to tau protein misfolding. This disease is incurable. This is
degenerative disease. It can be diagnosed through MRI scan or PET. This disease
is found in generally above 65 years of age. Its symptoms include irritation,
confusion, mood swings and aggression. This disease is named after German
psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906.
What is EEG scan? Explain the wave patterns seen in an EEG scan.
Electroencephalography is commonly known as EEG. It is the recording of the
electrical activity along the scalp. This technique can measure the
fluctuations in voltage resulting through the ionic flow of current within the
neurons of the brain. In EEG multiple electrodes are placed on the scalp which
is used to record brain’s spontaneous electrical activity over a short period
of time. EEG can be used for the diagnosis of coma, encephalopathies, and brain
death.
Wave patterns commonly observed in EEG are delta - state of sleep, theta –
drowsiness, alpha - relaxation, and beta - active thinking and gamma.
What is prosthetic limb? What are its drawbacks?
It is an artificial device which can be used to replace a missing body part. It
is based on the principle of biomechatronics. It can be used to replace body
part missing from birth, due to injury or due to defect. The main drawback of
prosthetic limb is its cost. Moreover, prosthetic limbs have to be replaced
every 3-4 year due to the wear and tear. If the limb has fit tissues then the
sockets in the limb have to be replaced every month.
Differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
In gram staining protocol, gram positive bacteria are stained dark blue or
violet. Crystal violet stain can be retained by the gram positive bacteria
because of the high amount of the peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Gram-positive
cell walls typically lack the outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.
In gram staining protocol, gram negative bacteria do not retain crystal violet
dye. Gram negative bacteria have pathogenic capability. Gram negative bacteria
have cytoplasmic membrane which is not present in gram positive bacteria.
Explain the biological neuron model. How is it different from artificial
neuron?
Biological neuron is also commonly known as spiking neuron model. This model is
mathematical description of the properties of the nerve cell or neuron. This
model is formulated to predict and describe the biological processes. This is
different from artificial neuron because, artificial neuron is based on
computational effectiveness. Artificial neuron is based on the synaptic weight
for determining the neuron output.
What is RCCS? What is its lifespan?
RCCS stands for rotary cell culture system. It is a device designed to grow
three-dimensional cell clusters in microgravity. This device was developed by
NASA to study the cell tissues of mammals—including humans—in microgravity.
Tissues grown in the RCCS are larger and three-dimensional, with structural and
chemical characteristics similar to normal tissue. RCCS has no moving parts,
thus cells are less prone to damage and hence provides longer life span.
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